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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
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microfiches. 


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Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  §tre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nicessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m6thode. 


1 

2 

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1  2  3 

4  5  6 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


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reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  chans'S 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 
D 
□ 


□ 


>/ 


D 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagee 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur6e  et/ou  pelliculde 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 


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Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
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Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

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modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
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I      1    Coloured  pages/ 


>/ 


D 
D 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag^es 


□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restauries  et/ou  pellicul6es 


Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
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Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  in^gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 


r~T\    Showthrough/ 

I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I    Includes  supplementary  material/ 


Only  edition  available/ 
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Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
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obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  U\m6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous. 

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iDlH  .f^outl)  aicaflct^* 


N. 


•  41 


The  North-west 
Territory  and 

Western  Reserve 

By  James  A.  (Iari  ield. 

Address  bi-fore  the  //isforiciil  Society  of  Geauga  County,  Ohio, 
Sif^teviber  16,   1S73. 


From  the  historian's  standpoint,  our  country  is  peculiarly 
and  exceptionally  fortunate.  The  origin  of  nearly  all  great 
nations,  ancient  and  modern,  is  shrouded  in  fable  or  tradition- 
ary legend.  The  story  of  the  founding  of  Rome  by  the  wolf- 
nursed  brothers,  Romulus  and  Remus,  has  long  been  classed 
among  the  myths  of  history ;  and  the  more  modern  story  of 
Hengist  and  Horsa  leading  the  Saxons  to  England  is  almost 
equally  legendary.  The  origin  of  Paris  can  never  be  known. 
Its  foundation  was  laid  long  before  Ciaul  had  written  records. 
But  the  settlement,  civilization,  and  political  institutions  of  our 
country  can  be  traced  from  their  first  hour  by  the  clear  light 
of  history.  It  is  true  that  over  this  continent  hangs  an  impene- 
trable veil  of  tradition,  mystery,  and  silence.  But  it  is  the  tradi- 
tion of  races  fast  passing  away;  the  mystery  of  a  still  earlier 
race,  which  flourished  and  perished  long  before  its  discovery 
by  the  Europeans.  The  story  of  the  Mound-builders  can  never 
be  told.  The  fate  of  the  Indian  tribes  will  soon  be  a  half- 
forgotten  tale.  But  the  history  of  European  civilization  and 
institutions  on  this  continent  can  be  traced  with  precision  and 
fullness,  unless  we  become  forgetful  of  the  past,  and  neglect  to 
save  and  perpetuate  its  precious  memorials. 

In  discussing  the  scope  of  historical  study  in  reference  to 
our  country,  I  will  call  attention  to  a  few  general  facts  concern- 
ing its  discovery  and  settlement. 

First, —  The  Romantic  Period  of  Discovery  on  this  Con- 
tinent. 

There  can  scarcely  be  found  in  the  realms  of  romance  any- 
thing more  fascinating  than  the  records  of  discovery  and  ad- 


K 


I 


■* 


jv,  ' 


ii 


venture  during  the  two  centuiies  that  followed  the  landing  of 
Columbus  on  the  soil  of  the  New  World.  The  greed  for  gold  ; 
the  passion  for  adventure;  the  spirit  of  chivalry;  the  enthusi- 
asm and  fanaticism  of  reliji;ion, —  all  conspired  to  throw  into 
America  the  hardiest  and  most  daring  spirits  of  Europe,  and 
made  the  vast  wilderness  of  the  New  \Vorld  the  theatre  of  the 
ujost  stirring  achievements  that  history  has  recorded. 

Early  in  the  sixteenth  century,  Spain,  turning  from  the  con- 
quest of  Granada  and  her  triumph  over  the  Aioors,  followed 
lier  golden  dreams  of  the  New  World  with  the  same  spirit  that 
in  an  earlier  day  animated  her  Crusaders.  In  1528  I'once  de 
Leon  began  his  search  for  the  fountain  of  perpetual  youth,  the 
tradition  of  which  he  had  learned  among  the  natives  of  the 
West  Indies.  He  discovered  the  low-lying  coasts  of  Florida, 
and  explored  its  interior.  Instead  of  the  fountain  of  youth,  he 
found  his  grave  among  its  everglades. 

A  few  years  later  l)e  Soto,  who  had  accompanied  Pizarro  in 
the  conquest  of  Peru,  landed  in  Florida  with  a  gallant  array  of 
knights  and  nobles,  and  commenced  his  explorations  through 
the  western  wilderness.  In  1541  he  reached  the  banks  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  and,  crossing  it,  pushed  his  discoveries  west- 
ward over  the  great  plains;  but,  finding  neither  the  gold  nor 
the  South  Sea  of  his  dreams,  he  returned  to  be  buried  in  the 
waters  of  the  great  river  he  had  discovered. 

While  England  was  more  leisurely  exploring  the  bays  and 
rl\ers  of  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  searching  for  gold  and  peltry, 
the  chevaliers  and  priests  of  France  were  chasing  their  dreams 
in  the  North,  searching  for  a  passage  to  China,  and  the  realms  of 
Far  Cathay,  and  telling  the  mystery  of  the  Cross  to  the  Indian 
tribes  of  the  far  West.  Coasting  northward,  her  bold  naviga- 
tors discovered  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence;  and  in  1525 
Cartier  sailed  up  its  broad  current  to  the  rocky  heights  of 
Quebec,  and  to  the  rapids  above  Montreal,  which  were  after- 
wards named  La  Chine,  in  derision  of  the  belief  that  the  ad- 
venturers were  about  to  lind  China. 

In  1609  Champlain  pushed  above  the  rapids,  and  discovered 
tlie  beautiful  lake  that  bears  his  name.  In  161  c  Priest  La 
Caron  pushed  northward  and  westward  through  the  wilderness, 
and  discovered  Lake  Huron. 

In  1635  t^^  Jesuit  missionaries  founded  the  Mission  St. 
Mary.  In  1654  another  priest  had  entered  the  wilderness  of 
Northern  New  York,  and  found  the  salt  springs  of  Onondaga. 
In  1659-1660  French  traders  and  priests  passed  the  winter  on 
Lake  Superior,  and  established  missions  along  its  shores 


h  « 


1*1 


Among  the  earlier  discoverers,  no  name  shines  out  with  more 
brilliancy  than  that  of  the  Chevalier  La  Salle.  The  story  of 
his  explorations  can  scarcely  be  equalled  in  romantic  interest 
by  any  of  the  stirrin<;j  tales  of  the  Crusaders.  Born  of  a  proud 
and  wealthy  family  in  the  north  of  France,  he  was  destined  for 
the  service  of  the  Church  and  of  the  Jesuit  Order.  Hut  his  rest- 
less spirit,  fired  with  the  love  of  adventure,  broke  away  from 
the  ecclesiastical  restraints  to  confront  the  dangers  of  the  New 
World,  and  to  extend  the  empire  of  Louis  XIV.  I'Vom  the  best 
evidence  accessible,  it  appears  that  he  was  the  first  white  man 
that  saw  the  Ohio  River.  At  twenty-six  years  of  age,  we  find 
him  with  a  small  party,  near  the  western  extremity  of  Lake 
Ontario,  boldly  entering  the  domain  of  the  dreaded  Iroquois, 
travelling  southward  and  westward  through  the  wintry  wilder- 
ness until  he  reached  a  branch  of  the  Ohio,  probably  the 
Alleghany.  He  followed  it  to  the  main  stream,  and  descended 
that,  until  in  the  winter  of  1669  and  1670  he  reached  the  Falls 
of  the  Ohio,  near  the  present  site  of  Louisville.  His  com- 
panions refusing  to  go  further,  he  returned  to  Quebec,  and  pre- 
part:d  for  still  greater  undertakings. 

In  the  mean  time  the  Jesuit  missionaries  had  been  pushing 
their  discoveries  on  the  Northern  Lake.  In  1673  Joliet  and 
Marquette  started  from  Green  Bay,  dragging  their  canoes  up 
the  rapids  of  Fox  River ;  crossed  I,ake  Winnebago ;  found 
Indian  guides  to  conduct  them  to  the  waters  of  the  Wisconsin  ; 
descended  that  stream  to  the  westward,  and  on  the  16th 
of  June  reached  the  Mississippi  near  the  spot  where  now 
stands  the  city  of  Prairie  du  Chien.  To-morrow  will  be  the 
two  hundredth  anniversary  of  that  discovery.  One  hundred 
and  thirty-two  years  before  that  time  De  Soto  had  seen  the 
same  river  more  than  a  thousand  miles  below ;  but  during  that 
interval  it  is  not  known  that  any  white  man  had  looked  upon  its 
waters. 

Turning  southward,  these  brave  priests  descended  the  great 
ri\er,  amid  the  awful  solitudes.  The  stories  of  demons  and 
monsters  of  the  wilderness  which  abounded  among  the  Indian 
tribes  did  not  deter  them  from  pushing  their  discoveries. 
They  continued  their  journey  southward  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Arkansas  River,  telling  as  best  they  could  the  story  of  the 
Cross  to  the  wild  tribes  along  the  shores.  Returning  from 
the  Kaskaskias  and  travelling  thence  to  Lake  Michigan,  they 
reached  Green  Bay  at  the  end  of  September,  1673,  having  on 
their  journey  paddled  their  canoes  more  than  twenty-five  bun- 
dled miles.     Marquette  remained  to  establish  missions  among 


the  Indians,  and  to  die,  three  years  later,  on  the  western  shore 
of  Lake  Michigan,  while  Joliet  returned  to  Quebec  to  report  his 
discoveries. 

In  the  mean  time  Count  Frontenac,  a  noble  of  France,  had 
been  made  Governor  of  Canada,  and  found  in  La  Salle  a  fu 
counsellor  and  assistant  in  his  vast  schemes  of  discovery.  La 
Salle  was  sent  to  France,  to  enlist  the  Court  and  the  Ministers 
of  Louis;  and  in  1677-1678  returned  to  Canada,  with  full 
power  under  Frontenac  to  carryforward  his  grand  enterprises. 
He  had  developed  three  great  purposes :  first,  to  realize  the 
old  plan  of  Champlain,  the  finding  of  a  pathway  to  China 
across  the  American  Continent ;  second,  to  occupy  and  de- 
velop the  regions  of  the  Northern  Lakes ;  and,  third,  to  de- 
scend the  Mississippi  and  establish  a  fortified  post  at  its 
mouth,  thus  securing  an  outlet  for  the  trade  of  the  interior  and 
checking  the  progress  of  Spain  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

In  pursuance  of  this  plan,  we  find  La  Salle  and  his  compan- 
ions, in  January,  1679,  ^'"^gging  their  cannon  and  materials  for 
ship-building  arouna  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  and  laying  the  keel 
of  a  vessel  two  leagues  above  the  cataract,  at  the  mouth  of 
Cayuga  Creek.  She  was  a  schooner  of  forty-five  tons'  burden, 
and  was  named  "The  Griffin."  On  the  7th  of  August,  1679, 
with  an  armament  of  five  cannon,  and  a  crew  and  company  of 
thirty-four  men,  she  started  on  her  voyage  up  Lake  Erie,  the 
first  sail  ever  spread  over  the  waters  of  our  lake.  On  the 
fourth  day  she  entered  Detroit  River ;  and,  after  encountering 
a  terrible  storm  on  Lake  Huron,  passed  the  straits  and  reached 
Green  Bay  early  in  September.  A  few  weeks  later  she  started 
back  for  Niagara,  laden  with  furs,  and  was  never  heard  from. 

While  awaiting  the  supplies  which  "The  Griffin"  was  ex- 
pected to  bring.  La  Salle  explored  Lake  Michigan  to  its  soutli- 
ern  extremity,  ascended  the  St.  Joseph,  crossed  the  portage  to 
the  Kankakee,  descended  the  Illinois,  and,  landing  at  an  Ind- 
ian village  on  the  site  of  the  present  village  of  Uiica,  111.,  cele- 
brated mass  on  New  Year's  Day,  1680.  Before  the  winter  was 
ended  he  became  certain  that  "  The  Griffin "  was  lost.  But, 
undaunted  by  his  disasters,  on  the  3d  of  March,  with  five  com- 
panions, he  began  the  incredible  feat  of  making  the  journey  to 
Quebec  on  foot,  in  the  dead  of  winter.  This  he  accomplished. 
He  reorganized  his  expedition,  conquered  every  difficulty,  and 
on  the  2ist  of  December,  1681,  with  a  party  of  fifty-four  French- 
men and  friendly  Indians,  set  out  for  the  present  site  of  Chi- 
cago, and  by  way  of  the  Illinois  River  reached  the  Mississippi 
Feb.  6,  1682.     He  descended  its  stream,  and  on  the  qth  of 


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April,  1682,  standing  on  the  shores  of  the  (lulf  of  Mexico, 
solemnly  proclaimed  to  his  companions  and  to  the  wilderness 
that,  in  the  name  of  Louis  the  Great,  he  took  posse>siijn  of  the 
(ircat  Valley  watered  by  the  Mississippi  River.  He  set  up  a 
coaimn,  and  inscribed  upon  it  the  arms  of  France,  and  named 
the  country  Louisiana.  Upon  this  act  rested  the  claim  of 
I'Vance  to  the  vast  region  stretching  from  the  Alleghany  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  from  the  Rio  Grande  and  the  Gulf  to  the 
farthest  springs  of  the  Missouri. 

I  will  not  follow  further  the  career  of  the  great  explorers. 
Enough  has  been  said  to  exhibit  the  spirit  and  character  of 
their  work.  I  would  I  were  able  to  inspire  the  young  men  of 
this  country  with  a  desire  to  read  the  history  of  these  stirring 
days  of  discovery  that  opened  up  to  Europe  the  myjteries  of 
this  New  World. 

As  Irving  has  well  said  of  their  work  :  "  It  was  poetry  put  into 
action  ;  it  was  the  knight-errantry  of  the  Old  World  carried  into 
the  depths  of  the  American  wilderness.  The  personal  advent- 
ures ;  the  feats  of  individual  prowess ;  the  picturesque  descrip- 
tions of  steel-clad  cavaliers,  with  lance  and  helm  and  prancinq 
steed,  glittering  through  the  wilderness  of  Florida,  Georgia, 
Alabama,  and  the  prairies  of  the  Far  West, —  would  seem  to  us 
mere  fictions  of  romance,  did  they  not  come  to  us  in  the  matter- 
of  f act  narratives  of  those  who  were  eye-witnesses,  and  who  re- 
corded minute  memoranda  of  every  incident." 

Second. —  The  Struggle  for  National  Dominion. 

I  next  invite  your  attention  to  the  less  stirring  but  not  less 
important  struggle  for  the  possession  of  the  New  World,  which 
succeeded  the  period  of  discovery. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century  North  America 
was  claimed  mainly  by  three  great  powers.  Spain  held  posses- 
sion of  Mexico,  and  a  belt  reaching  eastward  to  the  Atlantic, 
and  northward  to  the  southern  line  of  Georgia,  except  a  portion 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  held  by  the  French.  Eng- 
land held  from  the  Spanish  line  on  the  south  to  the  North- 
ern Lakes  and  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  westward  to  the  AUe- 
glianies.  France  held  all  north  of  the  lakes  and  west  of  the 
Alleghanies,  and  southward  to  the  possessions  of  Spain.  Some 
of  the  boundary  lines  were  but  vaguely  defined,  others  were 
disputed;  but  the  general  outlines  were  as  stated. 

Besides  the  struggle  for  national  possession,  the  religious  ele- 
ment entered  largely  into  the  contest.  It  was  a  struggle  be- 
tween the  Catholic  and  Protestant  faiths.  The  Protestant  col- 
otiies  of  England  were  enveloped  on  three  sides  by  the  vigor- 


ous  and  perfectly  organized  Catholic  powers  of  France  and 
Spain. 

Indeed,  at  an  early  date,  by  the  IJuU  of  Pope  Alexander  VI. 
all  America  had  been  given  to  the  Spaniards.  Hut  France, 
with  a  zeal  equal  to  that  of  Spain,  had  entered  the  list  to  con- 
test for  the  prize.  So  far  as  the  religious  struggle  was  con- 
cerned, the  efforts  of  France  and  Spain  were  resisted  only  by 
the  Protestants  of  the  Atlantic  coast. 

The  main  chain  of  the  Alleghanies  was  supposed  to  be  im- 
passable until  1 7 14,  when  Governor  Spottswood,  of  Virginia, 
led  an  expedition  to  discover  a  pass  to  the  great  valley  beyond. 
He  found  one  somewhere  near  the  western  boundary  of  \'ir- 
ginia  and  by  it  descended  to  the  Ohio.  On  his  return  he 
established  the  "Transmontane  Order,"  or  "Knights  of  the 
Golden  Horse-shoe."  On  the  sandy  plains  of  Eastern  Vir- 
ginia horse-shoes  were  rarely  used,  but,  in  climbing  the  moun- 
tains, he  had  found  them  necessary,  and,  on  creating  his  com- 
panions knights  of  this  new  Order,  he  gave  to  each  a  golden 
horse-shoe,  inscribed  with  the  motto, — 

"  Sic  jurat  transcendcre  monies'^ 

He  represented  to  the  British  Ministry  the  great  importance 
of  planting  settlements  in  the  western  valley ;  and,  with  the 
foresight  of  a  statesman,  pointed  out  the  danger  of  allowing 
the  French  the  undisputed  possession  of  that  rich  region. 

The  progn^ss  of  i'.ngland  had  been  slower,  but  more  certain 
than  that  of  her  great  rival.  While  the  French  were  estab- 
lishing trading-posts  at  points  widely  remote  from  each  other, 
along  the  lakes  and  the  Mississippi,  and  in  the  wilderness  of 
Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois,  the  English  were  slowly  but  firmly- 
planting  their  settlements  on  the  Atlantic  slope,  and  preparing 
to  contest  for  the  rich  prize  of  the  Great  West.  They  pos- 
sessed one  jrreat  advantay;e  over  their  French  rivals.  Thev  had 
cultivated  the  friendship  of  the  Iroquois  Confederacy,  the  most 
powerful  combination  of  Indian  tribes  known  to  the  New 
World.  That  Confederacy  held  possession  of  the  southern 
shores  of  Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie  ;  and  their  hostility  to  the 
French  had  confined  the  settlements  of  that  people  mainly  to 
the  northern  shores. 

During  the  first  half  of  the  eighteenth  century  many  treaties 
were  made  by  the  English  with  these  confederated  tribes,  and 
some  valuable  grants  of  land  were  obtained  on  the  eastern 
slope  of  the  Mississippi  Valley. 


Abou 
began  ( 
perceivt 
In    r 
Lawrem 
"  rhe  C 
million 
liritish 
in  the  f 
similar 
French ; 
that  a  gi 
English 
were  too 
importar 
to  perm 
the  Ohio 
In  171 
Creek,"' 
their  coli 
occupy  a 
was    und 
of   that  ^ 
mander 
vading  t 
(Jeorge  \ 
assistants 
Novembt 
a  journey 
Ohio  at 
and  his  c 
"  I    spent 
land  in  th 
spot  Fort 
Pittsburg, 
As  Bar 
tress  and 
their  blai 
bank."     1 
council  w 
to  secure 
He  then  f 
Le  Boeuf  ( 
the   comn 


About  the  middle  of  that  century  the  lUiii.sh  Ciovernmenl 
lie^an  to  reco>;iiize  the  wisdom  of  Governor  Spottswood,  and 
perceived  that  an  empire  was  soon  to  be  saved  or  lost. 

In  1748  a  company  was  organized  by  Thomas  Lee  and 
Lawrence  and  Augustine  Washington,  under  the  name  of 
"The  Ohio  ("ompany,"  and  received  a  royal  grant  of  one-half 
million  acres  of  land  in  the  valley  of  the  Ohio.  In  1751  a 
liritish  trading-post  was  established  on  the  Big  Miami;  but 
in  the  following  year  it  was  destroyed  by  the  French.  Many 
similar  efforts  of  the  JMiglish  colonists  were  resisted  by  the 
French;  and  during  the  years  1751-J-3  it  became  manifest 
that  a  great  struggle  was  imminent  between  the  French  and  the 
English  for  the  possession  of  the  West.  The  British  Ministers 
were  too  much  absorbed  in  intrigues  at  home  to  appreciate  the 
importance  of  this  contest ;  and  they  did  but  little  more  than 
to  permit  the  colonies  to  protect  their  rights  in  the  Valley  of 
the  Ohio. 

In  1753  the  Ohio  Company  had  opened  a  road,  by  "Will's 
Creek,"  into  the  western  valle)-,  and  were  preparing  to  locate 
their  colony.  At  the  same  time  the  French  had  sent  a  force  to 
occupy  and  hold  the  line  of  the  Ohio.  As  the  Ohio  Company 
was  under  the  especial  protection  of  \'irginia,  the  Governor 
of  that  colony  determined  to  send  a  messenger  to  the  com- 
mander of  the  l""rench  force:?,  and  demand  the  reason  for  in- 
vading the  British  dominions.  For  this  purpose  he  selecteil 
George  Washington,  then  twenty-one  years  of  age,  who,  with  six 
assistants,  set  out  from  Williamsburg,  \'a.,  in  the  middle  of 
November,  for  the  waters  of  the  Ohio  and  the  lakes.  After 
a  journey  of  nine  days  through  sleet  and  snow,  he  reached  the 
Ohio  at  the  junction  of  the  Alleghany  and  the  .Monongahela; 
and  his  quick  eye  seemed  to  foresee  the  destiny  of  the  place. 
"I  spent  some  time,"  said  he,  "in  viewing  the  rivers.  The 
land  in  the  fork  has  the  absolute  command  of  both."  On  this 
spot  Fort  Pitt  was  afterwards  built,  and  still  later  the  city  of 
Pittsburg. 

As  Bancroft  has  said,  "  After  creating  in  imagination  a  for- 
tress and  city,  his  party  swam  across  the  Alleghany,  wrapped 
their  blankets  around  them  for  the  night  on  the  north-west 
bank."  Proceeding  down  the  Ohio  to  Logstown,  he  held  a 
council  with  the  Shawnees  and  the  1  )elawares,  who  promised 
to  secure  the  aid  of  the  Six  Nations  in  resisting  the  French. 
He  then  proceeded  to  the  F'rench  posts  at  \'enango  and  Fort 
Le  Boeuf  (the  latter  fifteen  miles  from  Lake  Erie),  and  warned 
the   commanders   that  the  rights  of   Virginia  must  not  be  in- 


i  Wi 


.J"' 


vaded.  He  received  for  his  answer  that  the  French  would 
bcize  every  Englishman  in  the  Ohio  Valley. 

Rctiirnin<;  to  Virginia  in  January,  1754,  he  reported  to  the 
(iovernor,  and  immediate  preparations  were  made  by  the  col- 
onists to  maintain  their  rights  in  the  Wi'st,  and  resist  the  incur- 
sions of  the  French.  In  this  movement  originated  the  first 
military  union  among  the  iMiglish  colonists. 

Although  peace  existed  between  France  and  Fngland,  for- 
midable preparations  were  made  by  the  latter  to  repel  encroach- 
ments on  the  frontier,  from  Ohio  to  the  (lulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 
Braildock  was  sent  to  America,  and  in  1755,  at  Alexandria,  Va., 
he  planned  four  expeditions  against  the  French. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  speak  in  detail  of  the  war  that  followed. 
Alter  liraddock's  defeat  near  the  forks  of  the  Ohio,  which 
occurred  on  the  9th  of  July,  1755,  Fngland  herself  took  ac- 
tive measures  for  prosecuting  the  war. 

On  the  25th  of  November,  1758,  Forbes  captured  Fort 
Du(^uesne,  which  thus  passed  into  the  possession  of  the  Fng- 
lish,  and  was  named  P'ort  Pitt,  in  honor  of  the  great  Minister. 

In  1759  (Quebec  was  captured  by  General  Wolfe;  and  the 
same  year  Niagara  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  English. 

In  1760  an  iMiglish  force,  under  Major  Rogers,  moved  west- 
ward from  Niagara,  to  occupy  the  French  posts  on  the  Upper 
Lakes.  They  coasted  along  the  south  shore  of  Erie,  the  first 
F^nglish-speaking  people  that  sailed  its  waters.  Near  the  mouth 
of  the  Grand  River  they  met  in  council  the  chiefs  of  the  great 
warrior  I'ontiac.  A  few  weeks  later  they  took  possession  of 
Detroit.  "Thus,"  says  Mr.  Bancroft,  *' was  Michigan  won  by 
Great  Britain,  though  not  for  itself.  There  were  those  who 
foresaw  that  the  acquisition  of  Canada  was  the  prelude  of 
American   Independence." 

Late  in  December  Rogers  returned  to  the  Maumee ;  and, 
setting  out  from  the  point  where  Saixlusky  City  now  stands, 
crossed  the  Huron  River  to  the  northern  branch  of  White 
Woman's  River,  and  passing  thence  by  the  English  village  of 
Beaverstown,  and  up  the  Ohio,  reached  Fort  Pitt  on  the  23d 
of  January,  1761,  just  a  month  after  he  left  Detroit. 

Under  the  leadership  of  Pitt,  F'.ngland  was  finally  trium- 
phant in  this  great  struggle ;  and  by  the  Treaty  of  Paris,  of 
F"eb.  10,  1763,  she  acquired  Canada  and  all  the  territory  east 
of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  southward  to  the  Spanish  Ter- 
ritory, excepting  New  Orleans  and  the  island  on  which  it  is 
situated. 

During  the  twelve  years  which  followed  the  Treaty  of  Paris 


ilie    I'lnj 

newlv  a( 

ol    the  S 

to  capiu 

At  Jeii 

at  I-'ort  i 

of  the  ( ) 

ians  to  n 

and  West 

occupy  tl 

"Amoi 

time,"  sa 

VVasllin;^^• 

tion  to  th 

the  West 

the  Ohio 

thousand 

'Vencii   \^ 

^'i''  ■  fii; 

from  all   1 

Alleghany 

T/tird.- 

U'est. 

How  ca 
the  Missis 
dence,  and 
the     indep 
there    was 
bounded 
French  an( 
How  die 
'States.?     It 
the  colonie 
knowledge 
country,  at 
John  Smitl 
and  find  a 
were  too  v; 
boundaries 
tended  her 
and  during 
Dominion,  c 
the  Revoluti 
^--nce  to  the 


the  l'!njj;lish  colonists  witc  pushing  their  setilonicnts  into  the 
newly  acciuirt'd  territory;  but  they  encountered  the  opposition 
of  the  Six  Nations  and  liu-ir  allies,  who  made  fruitless  efforts 
to  capture  the   iJrilish   posts, —  Detroit,  Xiagar.i,  and   Kort  I'itt. 

At  length,  in  i7')S,  Sir  William  Johnson  concluded  a  treaty 
at  I'ori  Stanwix  with  these  tribes,  by  which  all  the  lands  soutli 
of  the  ( )liio  and  the  Alleghany  were  sold  to  the  lliitish,  the  Ind- 
ians to  remain  in  undisturbed  possessicm  of  the  territory  north 
and  west  of  those  ri\ers.  New  companies  were  organized  to 
occupy  the  territory  thus  obtained. 

"Among  the  foremost  speculators  in  Western  lands  at  that 
time,"  says  the  auilior  of  "Annals  ot  the  West,"  '"was  (leorge 
Washington."  In  1769  he  was  one  of  the  signers  of  a  peti- 
tion to  the  king  for  a  grant  of  two  and  a  n.i  millions  acres  in 
the  West.  In  1770  he  crossed  the  niounta  .js  auvl  descended 
the  Ohio  to  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Kanav.iia,  to  locate  the  ten 
thousand  acres  to  which  he  was  ent'  ,•(!  for  ser\  ces  in  the 
Frenc:h  War. 

^'i'' '  nians  planted  settlements  In  Ken^uc'>/-  and  pioneers 
from  ad  the  c  )lonies  began  to  occupv  me  rontiers,  from  the 
Alleghany  to  the  Tennessee. 

Third. —  The  War  of  the  Revolution,  and  its  Relations  to  the 
West. 

How  came  the  Thirteen  Colonies  to  possess  the  Valley  of 
the  Mississippi.^  The  object  of  their  struggle  was  indepen- 
dence, and  yet  by  the  Treaty  of  Peace  in  1783  not  only  was 
the  independence  of  the  Thirteen  Colonies  conceded,  bnt 
there  was  granted  to  the  new  Republic  a  western  territory, 
bounded  by  the  Northern  Lakes,  the  Mississippi,  and  the 
French  and  Spanish  possessions. 

How  did  these  hills  and  valleys  become  a  part  of  the  United 
States  .-•  It  is  true  that  by  virtue  of  ro\al  charters  several  of 
the  colonies  set  up  claims  e.vtending  to  the  "  South  Sea."  The 
knowledge  which  the  l'!nglish  possessed  of  the  geography  of  this 
country,  at  that  time,  is  illustrated  by  the  tact  that  ('aptain 
John  Smith  was  commissioned  to  sail  up  the  Chickahominv, 
and  find  a  passage  to  China!  But  the  claims  of  the  colonies 
were  too  vague  to  be  of  any  consequence  in  determining  the 
boundaries  of  tha  two  governments.  Virginia  had  indeed  ex- 
tended her  settlements  into  the  region  south  of  the  Ohio  River, 
and  during  the  Revolution  had  annexed  that  country  to  the  Old 
Dominion,  calling  it  the  County  of  Kentucky.  Hut  previous  to 
the  Revolution  the  colonies  had  taken  no  such  action  in  refer- 
ence to  the  territory  north-west  of  the  Ohio. 


lO 


The  cession  of  ihat  great  Territory,  under  the  treaty  of  17S3, 
was  clue  mainly  to  the  foresight,  the  courage,  and  the  endurance 
of  one  man,  who  never  received  from  his  country  any  adequate 
recognition  for  his  great  service.  That  man  was  George 
Rogers  Clark  ;  and  it  is  worth  your  while  to  consider  the  work 
he  accomplished.  15orn  in  Virginia,  he  was  in  early  life  a  sur- 
veyor, and  afterward  served  in  Lord  Dunmore's  War.  Jn  1776 
he  settled  in  Kentucky,  and  was,  in  fact,  the  founder  of  that 
commonwealth.  As  the  war  of  the  Revolution  progressed,  he 
saw  that  the  pioneers  west  of  the  Alleghanies  were  threatened 
by  two  formidable  dangers:  first,  by  the  Indians,  many  of  whom 
had  joined  tlie  standard  of  Great  Britain;  and,  second,  by  the 
success  of  the  war  itself.  For,  should  the  colonies  obtain  their 
independence  while  the  British  held  possession  of  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley,  the  Alleghanies  would  be  the  western  boundary  of 
the  new  Republic,  and  the  pioneers  of  the  West  would  remain 
subject  to  Great  Britain. 

Inspired  by  these  views,  he  made  two  journeys  to  Virginia  to 
represent  the  case  to  the  authorities  of  that  colony.  Failing 
to  impress  the  House  of  Burgesses  with  the  importance  of 
warding  off  these  dangers,  he  appealed  to  the  Governor,  Patrick 
Henry,  and  received  from  him  authority  to  enlist  seven  compa- 
nies to  go  to  Kentucky  subject  to  his  orders,  and  serve  for 
three  months  after  their  arrival  in  the  West.  This  was  a  public 
commission. 

Another  document,  bearing  date  Williamsburg,  Jan.  2,  177S, 
was  a  secret  commission,  which  authorized  him,  in  the  name 
of  Virginia,  to  capture  the  military  posts  held  by  the  British 
in  the  Norih-west.  Anned  with  this  authority,  he  proceeded 
to  Pittsburg,  where  he  obtained  ammunition,  and  floated  it 
down  the  river  to  Kentucky,  succeeded  in  enlisting  seven 
companies  of  pioneers,  and  in  the  month  of  June,  1778,  com- 
menced his  march  through  the  untrodden  wilderness  to  the 
region  of  the  Illinois.  With  a  daring  that  is  scarcely  equalled 
in  the  annals  of  war,  he  captured  the  garrisons  of  Kaskaskia, 
St.  \'incent,  and  Cahokia,  and  sent  his  prisoners  to  the  Gov- 
ernor of  A'irginia.  and  by  his  energy  and  skill  won  over  the 
French  inhabitants  of  that  region  to  the  American  cause. 

In  October,  1778,  the  House  of  Burgesses  passed  an  act 
declaring  that  "all  the  citizens  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Vir- 
ginia, who  are  already  settled  there,  or  shall  hereafter  be 
settled  on  the  west  side  of  the  Ohio,  shall  be  included  in  the 
District  of  Kentucky,  which  shall  be  called  Illinois  County." 
In  other  words,  George  Rogers  Clark  conquered  the  Territory 


of  the 
Republ 
in   n 
British 
western 
the  onli 
relied,  i 
the  bou 
que  red 
of  it  at  1 
In   hi 
Territor 
liriiish  J 
ground 
doned  tl 
It  is  a 
~  the  le 
site   now 
of  the  S 
and    ene: 
allowed 
and  gior) 
In  iyg( 
Louisville 
lie  was  ir 
tained  foi 
"  He  hi 
command 
gravity  an 
so  eminen 
A  person 
veterans 
readily  ha 
niodel  he 
rapidly  fa 
i'lgratitudt 
fought  bra 
"The  f, 
magnanirn. 
gratitude  t 
was  the  lej 
t'le  site  n( 
its  protectc 
of  its  grea 


I  I 


of  ihe  North-west  in  the  name  of  Virginia,  and  the  flag  of  the 
Republic  covered  it  at  the  close  of  the  war. 

In  negotiating  the  Treaty  of  Peace  at  Paris,  in  1783,  the 
British  commissioners  insisted  on  the  Oliio  River  as  the  north- 
western boundary  of  the  United  States  ;  and  it  was  found  that 
the  only  tenable  ground  on  which  the  American  commissioners 
relied,  to  sustain  our  claim  to  the  Lakes  and  the  Mississippi  as 
the  boundary,  was  the  fact  that  George  Rogers  Clark  had  con- 
quered the  country,  and  \'irginia  was  in  undisputed  possession 
of  it  at  the  cessation  of  hostilities. 

In  his  "Notes  on  the  l*"arly  Settlement  of  the  North-west 
Territory,"  Judge  Burnet  says,  "Th.it  fact  [the  capture  of  the 
Ikitish  posts]  was  confirmed  and  admitted,  and  was  the  chief 
ground  on  which  the  British  commissioners  reluctantly  aban- 
doned their  claim." 

It  is  a  stain  upon  the  honor  of  our  country  that  such  a  man 
—  the  leader  of  pioneers  who  made  the  first  lodgment  on  the 
site  now  occupied  by  Louisville,  who  was  in  fact  the  founder 
of  the  State  of  Kentucky,  and  who  by  his  personal  foresight 
and  energy  gave  nine  great  States  to  the  Republic  —  was 
allowed  to  sink  under  a  load  of  debt  incurred  for  the  honor 
and  glory  of  his  country. 

In  1799  Judge  Burnet  rode  some  ten  or  twelve  miles  from 
Louisville  into  the  country  to  visit  this  veteran  hero.  He  says 
he  was  induced  to  make  this  visit  by  the  veneration  he  enter- 
tained for  Clark's  military  talents  and  services. 

"He  had,"  says  Burnet,  "the  appearance  of  a  man  born  to 
command,  and  fitted  by  nature  for  his  destiny.  There  was  a 
gravity  and  solemnity  in  his  demeanor  resembling  that  which 
so  eminently  distinguished  the  venerated  Father  of  his  Country. 
A  person  familiar  with  the  lives  and  character  of  the  military 
veterans  of  Rome,  in  the  days  of  her  c^reatest  power,  might 
readily  have  selected  tJiis  remarkable  man  as  a  specimen  of  the 
model  he  had  formed  of  them  in  his  own  mind;  but  he  was 
rapidly  falling  a  victim  to  his  extreme  sensibility,  and  to  the 
ingratitude  of  his  native  State,  under  whose  banner  he  had 
fought  bravely  and  with  great  success. 

"The  time  will  certainly  come  when  the  enlightened  and 
magnanimous  citizens  of  Louisville  will  remember  the  debt  of 
gratitude  they  owe  the  memory  of  that  distinguished  man.  He 
was  the  leader  of  the  pioneers  who  made  the  first  lodgment  on 
the  site  now  covered  by  their  rich  and  splendid  city.  He  was 
its  protector  during  the  years  of  its  infancy,  and  in  the  period 
of  its  greatest  danger.     Yet  the  traveller,  who  had  read  of  his 


!i  t 


12 


achievements,  admired  his  character,  and  visited  the  theatre  of 
his  brilliant  deeds,  discovers  nothing  indicating  the  place  where 
his  remains  are  deposited,  and  where  he  can  go  and  pay  a  trib- 
ute of  respect  to  the  memory  of  the  departed  and  gallant  hero." 

This  eulogy  of  Judge  Burnet  is  fully  warranted  by  the  facts 
of  history.  There  is  preserved  in  the  War  Department  at 
Washington  a  portrait  of  Clark,  which  gives  unmistakable  evi- 
dence of  a  character  of  rare  grasp  and  power.  No  one  can 
look  upon  that  remarkable  face  without  knowing  that  the  origi- 
nal was  a  man  of  unusual  force. 

Fourth. —  Organization  and  Settlement  of  the  Xorth-west 
Teriitory. 

Soon  after  the  close  of  the  Revolution  our  Western  country 
was  divided  into  three  territories, —  the  Territory  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, the  Territory  south  of  the  Ohio,  and  the  Territory 
north-west  of  the  Ohio.  l'V)r  the  purposes  of  this  address  I 
shall  consider  only  the  organization  and  settlement  of  the 
latter. 

It  would  be  difficult  to  find  any  country  so  covered  with  con- 
flicting claims  of  title  as  the  territory  of  the  Nonh-west.  Sev- 
eral States,  still  asserting  the  validity  of  their  royal  charters,  set 
up  claims  more  or  less  definite  to  portions  of  this  Territory. 
First, —  by  royal  charier  of  1662,  confirming  a  council  charter 
of  1^)30,  Connecticut  claimed  a  strip  of  land  bounded  on  the 
east  by  the  Narragansett  River,  north  by  Massachusetts,  south 
by  Long  Island  Sound,  and  extending  westward  between  the 
parallels  of  41  degrees  and  42  degrees  2  minutes  north  latitude, 
to  ihe  mythical  "South  Sea."  Second, —  New  York,  by  her 
charier  of  1614,  claimed  a  territory  marked  by  definite  bound- 
aries, lying  across  the  boundaries  of  the  Connecticut  charter. 
Third. —  by  the  grant  to  William  Penn,  in  1664,  Pennsylvania 
claimed  a  territory  overlapping  part  of  the  territory  of  both 
these  colonies.  Fourth, —  the  charter  of  Massachusetts  also  ton- 
riicted  with  some  of  the  claims  above  mentioned.  Fifth, —  Vir- 
ginia claimed  the  whole  of  the  Norih-west  Territory  by  right  of 
conquest,  and  in  1779,  by  an  act  of  her  Legislature,  annexed 
it  as  a  county.  Sixth, —  several  grants  had  been  made  of  spe- 
cial tracts  to  incorporated  companies  by  the  different  States. 
And,  finally,  the  whole  Territory  of  the  Xorth-west  was  claimed 
by  the  Indians  as  their  own. 

The  claims  of  New  York,  Massachusetts,  and  part  of  the 
claim  of  Pennsylvania  had  been  settled  before  the  war  by  royal 
commissioners:  the  others  were  still  unadjusted.  It  became 
evident  that  no  satisfactory  settlement  could  be  made  except 


13 


by  Congress.  That  body  urged  the  several  S'.ates  to  make 
a  cession  of  the  lands  they  claimed,  and  thus  enable  the  Gen- 
eral Government  to  Oj^en  the  North-west  for  settlement. 

On  the  I  St  of  March,  1784,  Thomas  Jefferson,  Samuel  Hardy, 
Arthur  Lee,  and  James  Monroe,  delegates  in  Congress,  executed  • 
a  deed  of  cession  in  the  name  of  \'irginia,  by  which  they  trans- 
ferred to  the  United  States  the  title  of  Virginia  to  the  North- 
west Territory,  but  reserving  to  that  State  one  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand  acres  of  land  which  Virginia  had  promised  to 
George  Rogers  Clark,  and  to  the  oHkers  and  soldiers  who  with 
him  captured  the  ISritish  posts  in  the  West.  Also,  another 
tract  of  land  between  the  Scioto  and  Little  ^fiami,  to  enable 
Virginia  to  pay  her  promised  bounties  to  her  officers  and 
soldiers  of  the  Revolutionary  army. 

On  the  27th  of  October,  1784,  a  treaty  was  made  at 
Fort  Stanwix  (now  Rome,  N.N'.)  with  the  Six  Nations,  by 
which  these  tribes  ceded  to  the  United  States  their  vague 
claims  to  the  lands  north  and  west  of  the  Ohio,  (^n  the  31st  of 
January,  1785,  a  treaty  was  made  at  Fort  Mcintosh  (now  the 
town  of  Beaver,  Pa.)  with  the  four  Western  tribes,  the  Wyan- 
dottes,  the  Delawares,  the  Chippewas,  and  the  'J'awas,  by  which 
all  their  lands  in  the  Xorth-west  'Territory  were  ceded  to  the 
United  States,  except  that  portion  bounded  by  a  line  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Cuyahoga  up  that  river  to  the  portage  between 
the  Cuyahoga  and  Tuscarawas,  thence  down  that  branch 
to  the  mouth  of  Sandy,  theme  westwardly  to  the  portage  of 
the  Big  Miami,  which  runs  into  the  Ohio,  thence  along  the 
portage  to  the  Great  Miami  or  Maumee,  and  down  the  south- 
east side  of  the  river  to  its  mouth,  thence  along  the  shore  of 
Fake  Erie  to  the  mouth  of  the  Cuyahoga.  'The  teiritory  thus 
described  was  to  be  forever  the  exclusive  possession  of  these 
Indians. 

In  1788  a  settlement  was  made  at  Marietta,  and  soon  after 
other  settlements  were  begun.  But  the  Indians  were  dissatis- 
fied, and,  by  the  intrigues  of  their  late  allies,  the  British,  a  sav- 
age and  bloody  war  ensued,  which  delayed  for  several  years  the 
settlement  of  the  State.  The  campaign  of  General  Harmar  in 
1790  was  only  a  partial"  success.  In  the  following  year  a  more 
formidable  force  was  placed  under  the  command  of  General 
St.  Clair,  who  suffered  a  disastrous  and  overwhelming  defeat  on 
the  4th  of  November  of  that  year,  near  the  head-waters  of  the 
^Vabash. 

It  was  evident  that  nothing  but  a  war  so  decisive  as  to  break 
the  power  of  the  Western  tribes  could  make  the  settlement  of 


14 


Ohio  possible.  There  are  but  few  things  in  the  career  of 
George  Washington  that  so  strikingly  illustrate  his  sagacity 
and  prudence  as  the  policy  he  pursued  in  reference  to  this  sub- 
ject. Pie  made  preparations  for  organizing  an  army  of  five 
thousand  men,  appointed  General  Wayne  to  the  command  of 
a  special  force,  and  early  in  1792  drafted  detailed  instructions 
for  giving  it  special  discipline  to  fit  it  for  Indian  warfare. 
During  that  and  the  following  year  he  exhausted  every  means 
to  secure  the  peace  of  the  West  by  treaties  with  the  tribes. 

But  agents  of  England  and  Spain  were  busy  in  intrigues  with 
the  Indians  in  hopes  of  recovering  a  portion  of  the  great  empire 
they  had  lost  l)y  the  treaty  of  17S3,  So  far  were  the  efforts  of 
England  carried  that  a  British  force  was  sent  to  the  rapids  of 
the  Maumee,  where  they  built  a  fort,  and  inspired  the  Indians 
with  the  hope  that  the  British  would  join  them  in  fighting  the 
forces  of  the  Ignited  States. 

All  efforts  to  make  a  peaceable  settlement  on  any  other 
basis  than  the  abandonment  on  tlie  part  of  the  Ignited  Status 
of  all  territory  north  of  the  Oliio  ha\ing  failed,  General  Wavne 
proceeded  with  that  wonderful  vigor  whicii  had  made  him 
famous  on  so  many  fields  of  the  Revolution,  and  on  the  2oiii 
of  August,  1794,  defeated  the  Indians  and  their  allies  on  the 
banks  of  the  Maumee,  and  completely  broke  the  power  of  their 
confederation. 

On  the  3d  of  August,  1795,  General  Wayne  concluded  at 
Greenville  a  treaty  of  lasting  peace  with  these  tribes  and  thus 
opened  the  State  to  settlement.  In  this  treaty  there  was  re- 
served to  the  Indians  the  same  territorv  west  of  the  Cuyahoga 
as  described  in  tlie  treaty  of  Eort  Mcintosh  of  1785. 

lufth. —  Settlement  of  the  Western  Reserve. 

I  have  now  noticed  briefly  the  adjustment  of  the  several 
claims  to  the  North-western  Territory,  excepting  that  of  Oon- 
necticut.  It  has  already  been  seen  that  Connecticut  claimed 
a  strip  westward  from  the  Narragansett  River  to  the  Mis- 
sissippi, between  the  parallels  of  41  degrees  and  42  degrees 
2  minutes;  but  that  portion  of  her  claim  which  crossed  the 
territory  of  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  had  been  extingui>hed 
by  adjustment.  Her  claim  to  the  territory  west  of  Pennsyl- 
vania was  unsettled  until  Sept.  14,  17S6,  when  she  ceded  it  all 
to  the  United  States,  except  that  portion  lying  between  the 
parallels  above  named  and  a  line  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles 
west  of  the  western  line  of  Pennsylvania  and  parallel  with  it. 
This  tract  of  country  was  about  the  size  of  the  present  State, 
and  was  called  "New  Connecticut." 


In 

those 

wise  < 

half  a 

were  1 

On 

to  jol 

for  th 

the  re: 

rate  o 

all  the 
by  the 
hundre 
Spring 
east  of 
nec'icu 
1S36,  a 
On   t 
associa 
governr 
was  int 
guish  tl 
five  mill 
made    ( 
and    Se 
added 
thirty- 
ectady, 
expedit 
It    is 
serve, 
through 
took  the 
down   th 
the  Osw( 
ara, 
reached 
Jacket,' 
the  23d 
by  which 
lands  on 
rency,   tc 
beef  catt 
Indians, 


S(J 


In  May,  1792,  the  Legislature  of  (."onneciicut  L^rantcd  to 
those  of  her  citizens  wliose  property  had  been  burned  or  other- 
wise spoliated  by  the  British  during  the  war  of  the  Revolution 
lialf  a  million  of  acres  from  the  west  end  of  the  reserve.  These 
were  called  "The  Fire  Lands."' 

On  the  5tli  of  September,  1795,  Connecticut  executed  a  deed 
to  John  Caldwell,  Jonathan  Brace,  and  John  Morgan,  trustees 
for  the  Conneciicut  Land  Company,  for  three  million  acres  of 
the  reserve  ly'ng  west  of  Pennsylvania  ft)r  ;>i,2oo,ooo,  or  at  the 
rate  of  40  cents  per  acre.  'I'he  State  gave  only  a  quit  claim 
deed,  transferring  only  such  title  as  she  possessed,  and  leaving 
all  the  remaining  Indian  titles  to  the  reservf,  to  be  extinguished 
by  the  purchasers  themselves.  With  the  exception  of  a  few 
hundred  acres  pre\iously  sold  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Salt 
Spring  tract  on  the  Mahoning,  all  titles  to  lands  on  the  reserve 
east  of  "The  Fire  Lands"  rest  on  this  quit-claim  deed  of  Con- 
necticut to  the  three  trustees,  who  were  all  living  as  late  as 
1836,  and  joined  in   making  deeds  to  the  lands  on  the  reserve. 

On  the  same  day  thai  the  trust  deed  was  made  articles  of 
association  were  signed  by  the  proprietors,  providing  for  tlie 
government  of  the  company.  The  management  of  its  affairs 
was  intrusted  to  se\en  directors.  They  determined  to  extin- 
guish the  Indian  title,  and  survey  their  land  into  townships 
five  miles  stjuare.  Moses  Cleaveland,  one  of  the  directors,  was 
made  General  Agent;  Augustus  Porter,  Principal  Surveyor; 
and  Seth  Pease,  Astronomer  and  Surveyor.  To  these  were 
added  four  assistant  surveyors,  a  commissary,  a  physician  and 
thirty-seven  other  employees.  This  party  assembled  at  Schen- 
ectady, N.V'.,  in  the  spring  of  1796,  and  prei^ared  for  their 
expedition. 

It  is  interesting  to  follow  them  on  their  way  to  the  Re- 
serve. They  ascended  the  Mohawk  River  in  bateaux,  passing 
through  Little  Falls,  and  from  the  present  city  of  Rome 
took  their  boats  and  stores  across  into  Wood  Creek.  Passing 
down  the  stream,  they  crossed  the  Oneida  Lake,  thence  down 
the  Oswego  to  Lake  Ontario,  coasting  along  the  lake  to  Niag^ 
ara.  After  encountering  innumerable  hardships,  the  party 
reached  Buffalo  on  the  17th  of  June,  where  they  met  "Red 
Jacket,'  and  the  principal  chiefs  of  the  Six  Nations,  and  on 
the  23d  of  that  month  completed  a  contract  with  those  chiefs, 
by  which  they  purchased  all  the  rights  of  those  Indians  to  the 
lands  on  the  Reserve,  for  five  hundred  pounds,  New  York  cur- 
rency, to  be  paid  in  goods  to  the  Western  Indians,  and  two 
beef  cattle  and  one  hundred  gallons  of  whiskey  to  the  Fastern 
Indians,  besides  gifts  and  provisions  to  all  of  them. 


i6 


Setting  out  from  liuffalo  'on  tlie  s/lh  of  June,  they  coasted 
alon;^  the  shore  of  the  lake,  sonic  of  the  party  in  boats  ami 
others  marching  along  the  banks. 

In  the  journal  of  Seth  I'ease,  published  in  Whittlesey's 
History  of  Cleveland,  1  find  the  following  :  — 

"Monday,  July  4,  179^^. —  We  that  came  by  land  arrived  at 
the  confines  of  New  (Connecticut,  and  gave  three  cheers  pre- 
cisely at  5  o'clock  I'.M.  We  then  proceeded  to  (!onneaut,  at 
live  hours  thirty  minutes,  our  boats  got  on  an  hour  after;  we 
|)ltche(l  our  tents  on  the  east  side." 

In  the  journal  of  General  Cleaveland  is  the  following  entry: 

"On  this  Creek  (' Conneaugh '),  in  New  Connecticut  Land. 
July  4,  179''),  under  General  Closes  Cleaveland,  the  surveyors 
and  men  sent  by  the  Connecticut  Land  Company  to  survey  and 
.settle  the  Connecticut  Reserve,  were  the  llrst  laiglish  people 
who  took  possession  of  it. 

..."  We  gave  three  cheers  and  christened  the  place  Fort 
Independence;  and,  after  many  difliculties,  perplexities  and 
hardshi|)s  were  surmounted,  and  we  were  on  the  good  and  prom- 
ised land,  felt  that  a  just  tribute  of  respect  to  the  day  ought  to 
be  paid.  There  were  in  all,  including  women  and  children,  lifty 
in  number.  The  men,  under  Captain  Tinker,  ranged  them- 
selves on  the  beach  and  fired  a  T'ederal  salute  of  fifteen  rounds, 
and  then  the  sixteenth  in  honor  of  New  Connecticut.  Drank 
several  toasts.  .  .  .  Closed  with  three  cheers.  Drank  several 
pails  of  grog.     SupfK'd  and  retired  in  gootl  order." 

Three  days  afterward  (jeiieral  Cleaveland  held  a  council  with 
Paqua,  Chief  of  the  Massasagas,  whose  village  was  at  Conneaut 
Creek.  The  friendshij:)  of  these  Indians  was  purchased  by  a 
few  trinkets  and  twenty-five  dollars'  worth  of  whiskey. 

A  cabin  was  erected  on  the  bank  of  Conneaut  Creek  ;  and, 
in  honor  of  the  conimissary  of  the  expedition,  was  called  "Stow 
(Jastle.''  At  this  time  the  white  inhabitants  west  of  the  Genesee 
River  and  along  the  coasts  of  the  lakes  were  as  follows  :  the 
garrison  at  Niagara,  two  families  at  Lewistown,  one  at  Buffalo, 
one  at  Cleveland,  and  one  at  Sandusky.  There  were  no  other 
families  east  of  Detroit;  and,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  ad- 
venturers at  the  Salt  Springs  of  the  Mahoning,  the  interior  of 
New  Connecticut  was  an  unbroken  wilderness. 

The  work  of  surveying  was  commenced  at  once.  One  party 
went  southward  on  the  Pennsylvania  line  to  find  the  41st  par- 
allel, and  began  the  survey ;  another,  under  General  Cleave- 
land. coasted  along  the  lake  to  the  mouth  of  the  Cuyahoga, 
which   they  reached  on  the    2 2d  of  July,  and   there   laid    the 


found; 
the   SI 
compl( 
IW  t 
ments 
ment   i 
who  hr 
order; 
New  C 
so  oftei 
instanc 
ministe 
planted 
new  wil 
Theri 
tiioroug 
the   tou 
were  frc 
ing    nnc 
here  in 
it  was  w 
has  give 
marked 
For  a 
legal  sta 
neciicut 
that  Stal 
By  a  1 
ton    Cou 
westwarc 
(-Cuyaho^ 
eluded  a 
cut  settle 
most  of  t 
%    th( 
Hamiltor 
I)een  ere 
to  the  se 
pointed  f 
establish( 
But  in 
her  Lej^ 
!ier  claTn 
cal  .contn 


17 


foundation  of  the  chief  city  of  the  Reser\c.  A  huge  portion  of 
the  survey  was  made  durinj;  that  season,  and  the  work  was 
completed  in   che  following;  year. 

J?v  the  close  of  tlie  year  iSoo  there  were  thirty-two  settle- 
ments  on  the  Reserve,  though  as  yet  no  organization  of  govern- 
ment had  been  established.  But  the  pioneers  were  a  people 
who  had  been  trained  in  the  principles  and  practices  of  civil 
order;  and  these  were  transplantecl  to  their  new  home.  In 
New  Connecticut  there  was  but  little  of  that  lawlessness  whicii 
so  often  characterizes  the  people  of  a  new  ci')untry.  In  many 
instances,  a  township  organization  was  completed  and  their 
minister  chosen  before  the  pioneers  left  home.  Thus  tlu-y 
planted  the  institutions  and  opinions  of  Old  Connecticut  in  their 
new  wilderness  homes. 

There  are  townships  on  this  Western  Reserve  which  are  more 
thoroughly  New  I'ngland  in  character  and  spirit  than  most  of 
the  towns  of  the  New  England  of  to-day.  Cut  off  as  they 
were  from  the  metropolitan  life  that  h<i(l  gradually  been  moukl- 
ing  and  changing  the  spirit  of  New  England,  they  preserved 
here  in  the  wilderness  the  characteristics  of  New  Ivigland,  as 
it  was  when  they  left  it  at  tlie  beginning  of  the  century.  This 
has  given  to  the  people  of  the  \\'estern  Reserve  tliose  strongly 
marked  qualities  which  have  always  distinguished  them. 

For  a  long  lime  it  was  difficult  to  ascertain  the  political  and 
legal  status  of  the  settlers  on  the  Reser\e.  The  State  of  Con- 
neciicut  did  not  assume  jurisdiction  over  its  people,  because 
that  State  had  parted  with  her  claim  to  the  soil. 

By  a  proclamation  of  Governor  St.  Clair,  in  178S,  Washing- 
ton County  had  been  organized,  having  its  limits  extended 
westward  to  the  Scioto  and  northward  to  the  mouth  of  the 
(Juyahoga,  with  Marietta  as  the  county  seat.  These  limits  in- 
cluded a  portion  of  the  Western  Reserve.  But  the  Connecti- 
cut settlers  did  not  consider  this  a  practical  government,  and 
most  of  them  doubted  its  legality. 

By  the  end  of  the  century  seven  counties,  Washington, 
Hamilton,  Ross,  Wayne,  Adams,  Jefferson,  and  Knox,  had 
been  created,  but  none  of  them  were  of  any  practical  service 
to  the  settlers  on  the  Reser\e.  No  magistrate  had  been  ap- 
l)jinted  for  that  portion  of  the  counir\-,  no  civil  process  was 
established,  and  no  mode  existed  of  making  legal  conveyances. 

But  in  the  year  iSoo  the  State  of  Connecticut,  by  act  of 
h.er  Legislature,  transferred  to  the  National  Ciovernment  all 
!ier  claim  to  civil  jurisdiction.  Congress  assumed  the  politi- 
cal.control,  and  the  President  conveyed  by  patent  the  fee  of 


i8 


the  soil  to  the  Government  of  the  Slate  for  the  use  of  t!ie 
grantees  and  the  parties  claiming  under  them.  Whereupon, 
in  pursuance  of  this  authority,  on  the  22(1  of  September,  iSoo, 
Governor  St.  Clair  issued  a  proclamation  establishing  the 
county  of  Trumbull,  to  include  within,  its  boundaries  the  "Fire 
Lands  "  and  adjacent  islands,  and  ordered  an  election  to  be 
held  at  Warren,  its  county  sea>,  on  the  second  Tuesday  of 
October.  At  that  election  forty-two  votes  were  cast,  of  which 
General  Ivlward  Taine  received  thirty-eight,  and  was  thus 
elected  a  nieml)er  of  tlie  Territorial  Legislature.  All  the  early 
deeds  on  the  Reserve  arc  preserved  in  the  records  of  Trumbull 
County. 

A  treaty  was  held  at  Fort  Industry  on  the  4th  of  July,  iSo;, 
betwetn  the  Commissioners  of  the  Connecticut  Land  Compan/ 
and  the  Indians,  by  wiiich  all  the  lands  in  the  Reserve  west  of 
the  Cuyahoga,  belonging  to  the  Indians,  were  ceded  to  the  Con- 
necticut Company. 

(ieauga  was  the  second  county  of  the  Reserve.  It  was  cre- 
ated by  an  act  of  the  Legislature,  Dec.  31,  1805  ;  and  by  a 
subsequent  act  its  boundaries  were  made  to  include  the  pres- 
ent territory  of  Cuyahoga  County  as  far  west  as  the  I'^ourteenth 
Range. 

Portage  County  was  established  on  the  10th  of  February, 
1807  ;  and  on  the  16th  of  June,  iSio,  the  act  establishing  Cuy- 
ahoga County  went  into  operation.  By  that  act  all  of  Cieauga 
west  of  the  Ninth  Range  was  made  a  part  of  Cuyahoga  County. 

Ashtabula  County  was  established  on  the  22d  of  Januarv, 
1811. 

A  considerable  number  of  Indians  remained  on  the  Western 
Reserve  until  the  breaking  out  of  the  War  of  18 12.  Most  of 
the  Canadian  tribes  took  up  arms  against  the  United  States 
in  that  struggle,  and  a  portion  of  the  Indians  of  the  Western 
Reserve  joined  their  Canadian  brethren.  At  the  close  of  that 
war  occasional  bands  of  these  Indians  returned  to  their  old 
haunts  on  the  Cuyahoga  and  the  Mahoning;  but  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  Reserve  soon  made  them  understand  that  they 
were  unwelcome  visitors  after  the  part  they  had  taken  against 
us.  Thus  the  War  of  1812  substantially  cleared  the  Reserve  of 
its  Indian  inhabitants. 

In  this  brief  survey  I  have  attempted  to  indicate  the  gen- 
eral character  of  the  leading  events  connected  with  the  dis- 
covery and  settlement  of  our  country.  I  cannot,  on  this 
occasion,  further  pursue  the  history  f)f  the  settlement  and  build- 
ing up  of  the  counties  and  townships  of  the  Western  Reserve. 


ranged  i 


19 


'  have  already  noticed  the  peculiar  character  of  the  people  who 
converted  this  wilderness  into  the  land  of  Iiappy  iionics  wiiich 
we  now  behold  on  every  hand.  Hut  I  desire  to  call  t!)e  aucn- 
tion  of  the  young  men  and  women  who  hear  me  to  the  duty 
they  owe  to  themselves  and  their  ancestors  to  study  carefully 
and  reverently  the  history  of  the  great  work  which  has  been 
accomplished  in  this  New  Connecticut. 

'I'he  pioneers  who  first  broke  ground  here  accomplished  a 
work  unlike  that  wiiich  will  fall  to  the  lot  of  any  succeeding 
generaiion.  'i'he  liardships  they  endured,  the  obstacles  they 
encountered,  the  lite  they  led,  the  peculiar  (pialilies  they 
needed  in  their  undertakings,  and  the  traits  of  character  devel- 
oped by  their  works  stand  alone  in  our  histijry.  The  genera- 
tion that  knew  these  fust  pioneers  is  fast  passing  away.  I!ut 
there  are  sitting  in  this  audience  to-day  a  few  men  and  women 
whose  memories  date  back  to  the  early  settlement.  Here  sits 
a  gentleman  near  me  who  is  older  than  the  Western  Reserve, 
lie  remembers  a  time  when  the  axe  of  the  Connecticut  pioneer 
had  never  awakened  tlie  echoes  of  the  wilderness  here.  I  low- 
strange  and  wonderful  a  transformation  has  taken  place  since 
he  was  a  child!  It  is  our  sacred  duty  to  rescue  from  oblivion 
the  stirring  recollections  of  such  men,  and  preserve  them  as 
memorials  of  the  past,  as  lessons  for  our  ow^n  inspiration  and 
the  instruction  of  those  who  shall  come  after  us. 

The  materials  for  a  '^story  of  this  Reserve  are  rich  and  abun- 
dant. Its  pioneers  were  not  ignorant  and  thoughtless  advent- 
urers, but  men  of  estal)lished  character,  whose  opinions  on  civil 
and  religious  liberty  had  grown  with  their  growth  and  become 
tiie  settled  convictions  of  their  maturer  years.  Rotli  here  and 
in  Connecticut  the  family  records,  iournals,  and  letters,  which 
are  preserved  in  hundreds  of  families,  if  brought  out  and  ar- 
ranged in  order,  would  throw  a  flood  of  light  on  every  page  of 
our  history.  Even  the  brief  notice  which  informed  the  citizens 
of  this  county  that  a  meeting  was  to  be  held  here  today  to 
organize  a  Pioneer  Society  has  called  this  great  audience  to- 
gether, and  they  have  brought  with  them  many  rich  historical 
memorials.  They  have  brought  old  colonial  commissions 
given  to  early  Connecticut  soldiers  of  the  Revolution,  who  be- 
came pioneers  of  the  Reserve  and  whose  children  are  here 
to-day.  They  have  brought  church  and  other  records  which 
date  back  to  the  beginning  of  these  settlements.  Thev  have 
shown  us  implements  of  industry  which  the  pioneers  brought  in 
with  them,  many  of  which  have  been  superseded  by  the  superior 
mechanical  contrivances  of  our  time.     Some  of  these    imple- 


20 


iiients  are  symbols  of  the  spirit  and  cliaractcr  of  the  pioneers  o: 
tlic  Kcservc.  Merc  is  a  broad-axe  brought  from  Cotineclicut 
by  John  Ford,  father  of  the  late  governor  of  Ohio;  and  we  are 
told  that  the  first  work  done  with  this  axe  by  that  sturdy  old 
pioneer,  after  he  had  finished  a  few  cabins  for  the  families  that 
came  with  him,  was  to  hew  out  the  timbers  for  an  academy,  the 
Burton  Academy,  to  which  so  many  of  our  older  men  owe  the 
foundation  of  their  education,  and  from  which  sprang  the  West- 
ern Reserve  College. 

These  pioneers  knew  well  tiiat  the  three  great  forces  which 
constitute  the  strength  and  glory  of  a  free  governmt;nt  are  tiie 
family,  the  school,  and  tiie  church.  These  three  they  planted 
here,  and  they  nourished  and  cherished  them  with  an  energy 
and  devotion  scarcely  ecjualled  in  any  other  fjuarter  of  the 
world.  On  tiiis  height  were  planted  in  the  wilderness  the  sym- 
bols of  this  trinity  of  powers;  and  here,  let  us  hope,  may  be 
maintained  forever  the  ancient  faith  of  our  fathers  in  the  sanc- 
tity of  the  home,  tiie  intelligence  of  the  school,  and  the  faithful- 
ness of  the  church.  Where  these  three  combine  in  jirosperous 
union,  the  safety  and  prosperity  of  the  nation  are  assured.  The 
glory  of  our  country  can  never  be  dimmed  while  these  three 
lights  are  kept  shining  with  an  undimmed  lustre. 


'l"hc  bes^t  single  work  on  tlie  North-west  Territory  is  Hinsdale's  The  Old 
A\'f//i-~iK'i-st.  See  the  histories  of  <  )hio  and  Indiana  in  the  "Anicrican  Com- 
monwealths "  Series,  and  Hildreth's  rioiner  Ilislory.  i'he  chapter  on 
Territorial  Accjiiisitions  and  Divisions,  Ijy  Justin  VVinsor  and  Kdward 
Channing,  in  the  a])i)endix  to  Vol.  Vtl.of  the  Xarrathc  iiiid  Critual  His- 
tory of  Antcrii\i,  contains  very  much  that  is  vahiahle  upon  this  sul)ject. 
'There  is  a  Jlistory  of  tlie  ]\'cstent  Rcscnu',  by  W.  S.  Kennedy;  and  Harvey 
Kict.''s  Sk,(,-//is  (f  IVnitcni  /\\\u-rve  /.ifr  should  l)e  read  in  connection, 
Whittlesey's  Early  History  of  C/etulonU  is  a  scholarly  and  thorough  work, 
covering  in  great  part  the  general  early  history  of  the  Reserve.  Tlie  West- 
cm  Reserve  Historical  Society  at  Cleveland  has  published  many  valuable 
tra<:ts  relating  to  the  history  of  the  Reservi\  General  Garfield's  address, 
given  in  the  present  leaflet,  was  originally  published  in  this  series.  See  the 
lives  of  Garfield,  benjamin  F.  Wade,  and  Joshua  R.  (iiddings  for  the  noble 
jiart  taken  by  the  Western  Reserve  in  the  anti-slavery  conflict. 


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